100 ancient genomes show repeated population turnovers in Neolithic Denmark.

Major migration events in Holocene Eurasia have been characterized genetically at broad regional scales1-4. However, insights into the population dynamics in the contact zones are hampered by a lack of ancient genomic data sampled at high spatiotemporal resolution5-7. Here, to address this, we analysed shotgun-sequenced genomes from 100 skeletons spanning 7,300 years of the Mesolithic period, Neolithic period and Early Bronze Age in Denmark and integrated these with proxies for diet (13C and 15N content), mobility (87Sr/86Sr ratio) and vegetation cover (pollen). We observe that Danish Mesolithic individuals of the Maglemose, Kongemose and Ertebølle cultures form a distinct genetic cluster related to other Western European hunter-gatherers. Despite shifts in material culture they displayed genetic homogeneity from around 10,500 to 5,900 calibrated years before present, when Neolithic farmers with Anatolian-derived ancestry arrived. Although the Neolithic transition was delayed by more than a millennium relative to Central Europe, it was very abrupt and resulted in a population turnover with limited genetic contribution from local hunter-gatherers. The succeeding Neolithic population, associated with the Funnel Beaker culture, persisted for only about 1,000 years before immigrants with eastern Steppe-derived ancestry arrived. This second and equally rapid population replacement gave rise to the Single Grave culture with an ancestry profile more similar to present-day Danes. In our multiproxy dataset, these major demographic events are manifested as parallel shifts in genotype, phenotype, diet and land use.

The Migration of Lynch Victims' Families, 1880-1930.

We examine the relationship between the lynching of African Americans in the southern United States and subsequent county out-migration of the victims' surviving family members. Using U.S. census records and machine learning methods, we identify the place of residence for family members of Black individuals who were killed by lynch mobs between 1882 and 1929 in the U.S. South. Over the entire period, our analysis finds that lynch victims' family members experienced a 10-percentage-point increase in the probability of migrating to a different county by the next decennial census relative to their same-race neighbors. We also find that surviving family members had a 12-percentage-point increase in the probability of county out-migration compared with their neighbors when the household head was a lynch victim. The out-migration response of the families of lynch victims was most pronounced between 1910 and 1930, suggesting that lynch victims' family members may have been disproportionately represented in the first Great Migration.

Prairie Madness: Mental Illness and Norwegian Immigration to North America in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries.

In the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, there was widespread concern about the fate of immigrants to the United States. One area of particular concern was mentally ill immigrants, as illustrated in contemporaneous screening procedures, asylum reports, government commissions, popular media, fiction, and scientific studies. This article examines the depiction of one mentally ill immigrant in O. E. Rølvaag's novel Giants in the Earth within the context of these discussions. The novel, published originally in two parts in 1924 and 1925 in Norwegian, was translated in collaboration with the author into English in 1927. While many explanations were posited for rates of mental illness among immigrants to North America in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Rølvaag presents a more nuanced view which accounts for mental responses to change of climate, environment, and cultural loss.

Determinantes primários da migração de alagoanas para Escolas de Enfermagem no Rio de Janeiro (1930-1960) / Principales determinantes de la migración de mujeres de Alagoas a las Escuelas de Enfermería de Río de Janeiro (1930-1960) / Primary determinants of migration of women from Alagoas to Nursing Schools in Rio de Janeiro (1930-1960)

A Enfermagem Moderna no Brasil, no seu devir histórico de consolidação enquanto carreira profissional para a mulher brasileira, manteve uma estreita relação entre a migração de mulheres nordestinas e a formação de seus quadros de enfermeiras diplomadas. Na transição de uma economia agrário-exportadora para uma economia urbano-industrial, na década de 1930, surgiu um sistema de assistência à saúde e, de modo geral, um sistema típico de proteção social no Brasil, culminando com modificações operadas pelo regime varguista (1930-1945), às quais marcaram de forma profunda e longeva o campo da saúde pública no Brasil, dentre estas foi a institucionalização e profissionalização da Enfermagem por parte do Estado [Fragmento de texto] (AU)

[Between exiled and native doctors: Spanish and Mexican knowledge integrating into the development of neurology in México, 1935-1950]. / Entre exiliados y nativos: la integración de saberes de españoles y mexicanos para el desarrollo de la neurología en México, 1935-1950.

Between 1935 and 1950 the neurology was presented and developed in Mexico. It happened by two ways: the arrival of Spanish neuroscience researchers in Mexico exiled due the Civil War; and the presence of Mexican doctors that had specialized in neurosurgery in the United States. The article discusses historiographic points of view that stress the importance of the Spanish exiled doctors, but neglect the important role of native doctors in the emergence of Mexican neurology. It states that there was an integration process by both parts, where Mexicans tried to satisfy care needs while the Spanish had to find or create working spaces to belong to.

Entre 1935 y 1950 aconteció la introducción y desarrollo de la neurología en México. Esto se dio por medio de dos vías: el arribo de los neurocientíficos españoles a México tras su exilio provocado por la Guerra Civil; y la presencia de médicos mexicanos que salieron a especializarse en neurocirugía a EEUU. Se discuten algunas posiciones historiográficas que hablan de la importancia de los españoles exiliados en este acontecer, pero que no han expuesto el relevante papel de los nativos en el surgimiento de la neurología mexicana. Se afirma la existencia de un proceso de integración de ambas partes, donde los nativos buscaron satisfacer necesidades asistenciales mientras que los exiliados tuvieron que encontrar y crear espacios dónde insertarse.

Entre exiliados y nativos: la integración de saberes de españoles y mexicanos para el desarrollo de la neurología en México, 1935-1950 / Between exiled and native doctors: Spanish and Mexican knowledge integrating into the development of neurology in México, 1935-1950

Resumen Entre 1935 y 1950 aconteció la introducción y desarrollo de la neurología en México. Esto se dio por medio de dos vías: el arribo de los neurocientíficos españoles a México tras su exilio provocado por la Guerra Civil; y la presencia de médicos mexicanos que salieron a especializarse en neurocirugía a EEUU. Se discuten algunas posiciones historiográficas que hablan de la importancia de los españoles exiliados en este acontecer, pero que no han expuesto el relevante papel de los nativos en el surgimiento de la neurología mexicana. Se afirma la existencia de un proceso de integración de ambas partes, donde los nativos buscaron satisfacer necesidades asistenciales mientras que los exiliados tuvieron que encontrar y crear espacios dónde insertarse.

Abstract Between 1935 and 1950 the neurology was presented and developed in Mexico. It happened by two ways: the arrival of Spanish neuroscience researchers in Mexico exiled due the Civil War; and the presence of Mexican doctors that had specialized in neurosurgery in the United States. The article discusses historiographic points of view that stress the importance of the Spanish exiled doctors, but neglect the important role of native doctors in the emergence of Mexican neurology. It states that there was an integration process by both parts, where Mexicans tried to satisfy care needs while the Spanish had to find or create working spaces to belong to.

From emigration to remigration: The Jewish pathologist Fritz Meyer (1875-1953) and his extraordinary life course.

Fritz Meyer (1875-1953) is undoubtedly one of the most enigmatic pathologists and internists of his time: He emerged early as a major researcher in the field of infectious diseases. Later, he also focused on heart and lung diseases and became a celebrity doctor who treated ambassadors and prominent contemporaries of the United States. The course of his life was as unusual as his professional activities: At the beginning of the Third Reich, Meyer experienced far-reaching repression due to his Jewish ancestry, which led to forced emigration to the USA. Although he achieved professional success in his new homeland, he returned to Germany in 1948 - as one of very few Jewish emigrants from the Third Reich. This article takes these peculiarities as an opportunity to take a closer look at Fritz Meyer: It recapitulates the biography and scientific merits of the Jewish pathologist and pays special attention to the background of his emigration to the USA and his later remigration to Germany. The central basis of the study are contemporary newspaper articles and various archival sources evaluated for the first time. These sources are compared with the sparse secondary literature on Meyer and other persecuted pathologists. The results of the study can be summarized in five points: (1) Meyer's research on infectious diseases - especially diphtheria, tuberculosis and serum therapy - was considered leading-edge at the time. (2) Meyer suffered widespread repression after 1933, which led him to emigrate to the United States in 1935. (3) Thanks to influential contacts, he was able to continue his professional career in the U.S. almost seamlessly. (4) In the postwar period, he decided to return to Germany, mainly out of attachment to Europe. (5) His reintegration in Germany seemed to be successful - however, he died only a few years after his remigration. The analysis leads to the conclusion that Meyer's social reintegration in postwar Germany was significantly facilitated by his professional reputation and his largely apolitical demeanor in public; nevertheless, it can be shown that he secretly lamented the lack of consciousness of guilt of the German postwar population. Several indications cast doubt on his intention to remain permanently in Germany. This includes the fact that he held on to his U.S. citizenship until the end of his life and that his wife remained in the United States.

GIOVANNI AND ABDON PAMICH ­ HISTORY AS DESTINY OR "EMPTY PLACE" IN RIJEKA MEDICAL HISTORIOGRAPHY / [GIOVANNI I ABDON PAMICH - POVIJEST KAO SUDBINA ILI "ISPRAZNJENO MJESTO" U RIJECKOJ MEDICINSKOJ HISTORIOGRAFIJI]

Medical history of the city of Rijeka is a rich treasure trove of events, celebrities and valuable innovations in the field of healthcare. The historical development of Rijeka was largely determined by her geopolitical position as a border town with a multicultural population, marked by strong conflicts of interest and numerous identity turmoil. The great exodus of the domicile population of Italian nationality after World War II has significantly changed the social picture of the city. Among many of such esuli (immigrants) were brothers Giovanni (b. 1932) and Abdon (b. 1933) Pamich, whose lives are reminiscent of the fate of many displaced people from Rijeka who were forced to live in exile after the war. After leaving their hometown during the formative years of their childhood, they had successful careers in Italy in the fields of medicine and healthcare. The older brother Giovanni became a successful surgeon and the younger Abdon a psychologist. Along with his positions as the head of general surgery at the Monfalcone and Gorizia Hospitals, Giovanni Pamich was teaching at the University of Trieste. Abdon Pamich collaborated with the best Italian tennis players in the field of sports psychology, and was a psychologist for the Italian handball team. They both practiced athletics, and Abdon Pamich won the silver medal in speed walking at the 1958 European Championships in Sweden and the gold medal at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. In addition to emphasizing the achievements of the two brothers in the field of medicine, this paper also addresses the position of the migrant, which is highlighted in Robert Covaz's book "Abdon Pamich, memorie di un marciatore (Rome, 2016), an exciting biography of an emigrant from Rijeka. The paper also explores the concept of thematizing the limits of differences and experiences of migration of Rijeka residents facing the existential issues.

The mentally ill and how they were perceived in young Israel.

The article constitutes a widely researched account of mental patients and their perceptions in the early history of Israel, especially its second decade. It focuses on a single generation, which experienced the traumas of war in Europe, followed by insecurity in Israel's struggle for independence. The article claims that in the 1960s many suffered from depression, reflected in a record number of patients in mental hospitals and mentally sick people, mostly of European origin. This study describes Israeli society in the 1960s as disturbed, immersed in nightmarish dreams and close to madness; it also discusses the genetic and neurological vulnerabilities which induced the psychosis and the social response that converted it into a chronic illness.

Por que partem eles (agora)? O regresso à eterna pergunta / Why do they leave (now)? The return to the eternal question / ¿Por qué parten (ahora)? El regreso a la eterna pregunta

Na sequência da integração europeia, os fluxos migratórios portugueses foram diminuindo, de tal forma que, na viragem do século, acreditou-se que Portugal tinha passado de "país de emigrantes" para "país de imigrantes". Com efeito, nas últimas décadas do século XX, Portugal atraiu inclusive cidadãos do país que, tradicionalmente, recebeu as mais significativas levas de expatriados portugueses (o Brasil) e, no contexto global, passou a integrar o conjunto de países atrativos para os migrantes económicos. Não obstante, a recente crise económica que pautou os primeiros anos do século XXI veio pôr a descoberto que essa realidade não estava solidificada, pelo menos não tanto como alguns cientistas sociais defenderam. Isto porque novos fluxos migratórios emergiram no território nacional, particularmente visíveis em áreas de baixa densidade, como é o caso da maior parte do distrito da Guarda. Neste trabalho, tendo como pano de fundo a região da Guarda, procuram-se equacionar "as molas impulsionadoras" que estão, novamente, a impelir estes portugueses a procurarem melhores condições de vida longe do país, na tentativa de perceber até que ponto estes novos fluxos migratórios têm uma génese comum aos que os precederam ou se, pelo contrário, têm configurações particulares que os individualizam no panorama migratório português.

As a result of European integration, Portuguese migratory flows decreased in such a way that, at the turn of the century, it was believed that Portugal had gone from being a "country of emigrants" to "country of immigrants". Indeed, in the last decades of the twentieth century, Portugal even attracted citizens of the country which traditionally received the most significant waves of Portuguese expatriates (Brazil) and, in the global context, became part of the set of countries attractive to economic migrants. However, the recent economic crisis that marked the first years of the 21st century has revealed this reality was not consolidated, at least not as much as some social scientists have argued. This is because new migratory flows have emerged in the national territory, particularly visible in low density territories as is the case in most of the district of Guarda. In this work, with the Guarda region as a backdrop, we seek to equate "the driving springs" that are, once again, impelling these Portuguese to seek better living conditions away from the country, in an attempt to understand the extent to which these new migratory flows have a common genesis to those who preceded them or, whether, on the contrary, they have particular configurations that individualize them in the Portuguese migratory panorama.

Como resultado de la integración europea, los flujos migratorios portugueses disminuyeron, por lo que, a principios de siglo, se creía que Portugal había pasado de ser un país de emigrantes a uno de inmigrantes. De hecho, en las últimas décadas del siglo XX, Portugal atrajo incluso a ciudadanos del país que tradicionalmente había recibido las olas más significativas de expatriados portugueses (Brasil) y, en el contexto global, se convirtió en parte del conjunto de países atractivos para los migrantes económicos. Sin embargo, la reciente crisis económica que marcó los primeros años del siglo XXI reveló que esta realidad no se ha solidificado, al menos no tanto como algunos científicos sociales han argumentado. Esto se debe a que han surgido nuevos flujos migratorios en el territorio nacional, particularmente visibles en los territorios de baja densidad, como en la mayor parte del distrito de Guarda. En este artículo, con la región de Guarda como telón de fondo, buscamos combinar los resortes impulsores que, una vez más, están llevando a estos portugueses a buscar mejores condiciones de vida fuera del país, en un intento por comprender en qué medida estos nuevos flujos de migrantes tienen una génesis común a quienes los precedieron o si, por el contrario, tienen configuraciones particulares que los individualizan en el panorama migratorio portugués.

A fairytale career in spite of political disenfranchisement: The jewish oral pathologist Bálint Orbán (1899-1960).

Viennese scientist Bálint Orbán (1899-1960) was an international pioneer in the area of oral pathology and one of the principle figures comprising the "Vienna School" of the 1920s. His works "Biology and Pathology of the Tooth and its Supporting Mechanism" (1938) and "Atlas of Clinical Pathology of the Oral Mucous Membrane" (1955), both published in the United States, set new standards across the globe. Even today, the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) honors aspiring researchers with the Bálint Orbán Award in the context of its "Orbán Memorial Program". One aspect of Orbán's life that remains widely unknown is the fact that his career was thrown into existential threat following Hitler's rise to power in 1938. As a scientist of Jewish ancestry, the new government stripped him of his venia legendi and, as such, robbed him the basis for working as a university professor in Vienna. What became of Orbán's life and career in the years thereafter? What were the conditions that ultimately led him to the United States? How did he manage to set up his career in this new context - including in comparison to his other colleagues who also emigrated? Which factors were ultimately decisive for his further career? The present article seeks to address these very questions. The sources used for this study include documents from the Austrian State Archives as well as from the Vienna University Archive. Our archival work was followed by a critical re-analysis of the available secondary literature. This article illustrates that Bálint Orbán was part of a small group of Jewish scientists who did not suffer from a rupture or setback in their careers under National Socialism. In fact, despite professional disenfranchisement and forced migration, they succeeded in making smooth professional transitions and even advancing their careers. One decisive factor in this - apart from Orbán's consistently high-degree of dedication to his work and above-average research output - was his robust network academic contacts, which he previously laid the groundwork for during his first stay in the United States (1927-1929) and continued to resolutely foster afterwards. Thanks to these contacts, even before his permission to work as a professor in Vienna was revoked, Orbán managed to flee to Chicago and quickly attain a professorship. He spent the rest of his academic life in the United States and, much like his other émigré colleague from Vienna, Hans Popper (1903-1988), he developed what would become his posthumous prominence in this new country.

Secrets, lies, and disguise: The case of andy warhol.

The life and works of the great American artist Andy Warhol (1928-1987) are examined in the context of Warhol's compulsive and often gratuitous lying. Elements of early trauma-contracting St. Vitus Dance at age of 7, his father's death at age of 13, and the abject poverty in which he grew up as the son of immigrants-are viewed as central antecedents of his deceptiveness. The relevance of these dynamics to the clinical situation is examined.

"The dead shall be raised": Multidisciplinary analysis of human skeletons reveals complexity in 19th century immigrant socioeconomic history and identity in New Haven, Connecticut.

In July 2011, renovations to Yale-New Haven Hospital inadvertently exposed the cemetery of Christ Church, New Haven, Connecticut's first Catholic cemetery. While this cemetery was active between 1833 and 1851, both the church and its cemetery disappeared from public records, making the discovery serendipitous. Four relatively well-preserved adult skeletons were recovered with few artifacts. All four individuals show indicators of manual labor, health and disease stressors, and dental health issues. Two show indicators of trauma, with the possibility of judicial hanging in one individual. Musculoskeletal markings are consistent with physical stress, and two individuals have arthritic indicators of repetitive movement/specialized activities. Radiographic analyses show osteopenia, healed trauma, and other pathologies in several individuals. Dental calculus analysis did not identify any tuberculosis indicators, despite osteological markers. Isotopic analyses of teeth indicate that all four were likely recent immigrants to the Northeastern United States. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA were recovered from three individuals, and these analyses identified ancestry, hair/eye color, and relatedness. Genetic and isotopic results upended our initial ancestry assessment based on burial context alone. These individuals provide biocultural evidence of New Haven's Industrial Revolution and the plasticity of ethnic and religious identity in the immigrant experience. Their recovery and the multifaceted analyses described here illuminate a previously undescribed part of the city's rich history. The collective expertise of biological, geochemical, archaeological, and historical researchers interprets socioeconomic and cultural identity better than any one could alone. Our combined efforts changed our initial assumptions of a poor urban Catholic cemetery's membership, and provide a template for future discoveries and analyses.

Keeping our immigrants healthy: hygienist doctrine in the Hospedaria de Imigrantes da Ilha das Flores. / Como manter saudáveis nossos imigrantes: preceitos higienistas na constituição da Hospedaria de Imigrantes da Ilha das Flores.

The Hospedaria de Imigrantes (Immigrant Lodgings) da Ilha das Flores was established in 1883 in accordance with the hygienist thinking of the time. Immigrants were isolated on the east coast of Guanabara Bay because of the epidemics of yellow fever which returned to the Imperial capital every summer since 1849-1850. Hygienists attributed the disease to the precarious health conditions in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which enabled germs to multiply and infect the atmosphere. As physicians reinterpreted the disease in light of Pasteurian theory, new procedures were adopted to receive immigrants, changing the structure and function of the facility on Ilha das Flores.

A criação da Hospedaria de Imigrantes da Ilha das Flores, em 1883, esteve de acordo com os preceitos higienistas vigentes na época. O isolamento de imigrantes na costa leste da baía de Guanabara ocorreu em virtude das epidemias de febre amarela que retornavam à capital do Império todo verão, desde 1849-1850. Higienistas atribuíam a doença à precária condição sanitária da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, que propiciava a multiplicação do germe e infeccionava a atmosfera. Na medida em que os médicos reinterpretavam a doença à luz da teoria pasteuriana, foram sendo adotados novos procedimentos para a recepção de imigrantes, alterando a estrutura e o funcionamento da Hospedaria da Ilha das Flores.